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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) RNA is also a polymer of ribonucleotides. Location in cell RNA is present in the nucleolus, in the ribosomes, in the cytosol and in smaller amounts in other parts of the cell. Structure The RNA molecules occur as single strand, which may be folded back on it, to give double helical characteristics. Nitrogenous bases, which are involved, are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). RNA is synthesized by DNA in a process known as   transcription. Types of RNA There are three main types of RNA i.e. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) All these types of RNAs are synthesized from DNA in the nucleus and then are moved out in cytoplasm to perform their specific functions. (i) Messenger RNA (mRNA) It takes genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form particular proteins. They carry the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where amino acids are arranged according t...

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) DNA is heredity material. It controls the properties and potential activities of a cell. Location in cell DNA occurs in chromosomes, in the nuclei of the cells and in much lesser amounts in mitochondria and chloroplast. Chemical composition of DNA DNA is made of four kinds of  nucleotides; d-adenosine monophosphate (d-AMP) d-guanosine monophosphate (d-GMP) d-cytidine monophosphate (d-CMP) d-thymidine monophosphate (d-TMP) These nucleotides are united with one another through phosphodiester linkages in a specific sequence to form long chains. Two nucleotides join to form  dinucleotide  e.g nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide  (NAD) which is important coenzyme in several oxidation-reduction reactions in the cell. Three nucleotides join to form  trinucleotide . Ratio of Bases in DNA In 1951,  Erwin Chargaff  provided data about the ratios of different bases present in DNA. This data suggested that ade...